新型PEI/PAA复合正渗透膜的制备及性能表征

采用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和聚丙烯酸(PAA)分别作为聚阴阳电解质,间苯二胺(MPD)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)分别为水相和油相单体,依次采用层层自组装(LBL)和界面聚合的方法对聚丙烯腈(PAN)基膜进行改性,探究层层自组装和界面聚合条件对膜性能的影响,并制备新型复合正渗透膜.得出最佳制备条件为:PAA与PEI的沉积时间为10 min,浓度为1 g·L~(-1),pH分别为9和3,支撑盐浓度为1.5 mol·L~(-1),MPD浓度为20 g·L~(-1),水相沉积时间为2 min,TMC浓度为1 g·L~(-1),界面聚合反应时间为60 s,聚电解质层数为2层,在此条件下制得的复合正渗透膜性能优良.以去离子水作为原液,1 mol·L~(-1) NaCl作为汲取液,水通量最高可达26.12 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),反向盐通量为13.08 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1),与基膜相比,复合膜的亲水性能明显提高,抗污染性能提高,为正渗透膜的制备提供了新的方法和思路.     

Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and their gaseous precursors in Beijing

To better understand the characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols, hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM_2.5 and their gaseous precursors were measured online from 2016 to 2018 at an urban site in Beijing. Seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble ions and gaseous precursors were discussed and their gas-particle conversion and partitioning were also examined, some related parameters were characterized. The (TNH₃) _Rich was also defined to describe the variations of the excess NH₃ in different seasons. In addition, a sensitivity test was carried out by using ISORROPIA II to outline the driving factors of gas-particle partitioning. In Beijing, the relative contribution of nitrate to PM_2.5 has increased markedly in recent years, especially under polluted conditions. In the four seasons, only a small portion of NO₂ in the atmosphere was converted into total nitrate (TNO₃)_, and more than 80% of TNO₃ occurred in the form of nitrate due to the abundant ammonia. The concentration of total ammonia (TNH₃) was much higher than that required to neutralize acid gases, and most of the TNH₃ occurred as gaseous NH₃. The nitrous acid (HONO) concentration was highly correlated with NH₃ concentration and had increased significantly in Beijing compared with previous studies. The total chloride (TCl) was the highest in winter, and ε(Cl^?) was more sensitive to variations in the ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) than ε(NO₃^?).     

Biostyr曝气生物滤池处理城市污水的沿程生化特性

青岛市麦岛污水处理厂采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,以稳定运行的Biostyr为研究载体,考察滤池COD、NH3-N、SS和细菌数量等生化特性的沿程变化.结果表明,在气水比为4∶1～5∶1、进水COD负荷为2.5 ～3.7 kg/(m3·d)、进水NH3-N负荷为0.18～0.57 kg/(m3·d)时,滤池对COD的降解主要在150 cm填料以下处,COD的去除率可达58.9％;NH3-N去除率沿滤柱高度的变化与COD有所不同,在100 cm以下填料处,NH3-N的去除率仅为3.6％,在100 ～350 cm填料之间,NH3-N的去除率增加迅速,可达56.1％;对SS的去除主要发生在100 cm填料以下,去除率达51.7％.     

三维电极电吸附动态反应器的除氟特征研究

采用自制的单极性复合型三维阳极作为第三维电极对含氟水进行动态电促吸附实验,通过研究不同填充床高度、阴阳极板间距、隔膜材料对电促吸附除氟效果的影响,确定反应器的最佳结构参数为:填充床高度20 cm、阴阳极板间距4 cm、隔膜为nafion117膜。工作电压、进水pH、进水流速、共存物质对氟离子去除效果的影响结果表明:在一定范围内增大工作电压,降低进水pH或进水流速均可提高除氟效果。相应的最佳操作条件为:工作电压7 V、进水流速4 mL/min、酸性pH;腐殖酸和碳酸根离子的存在会对氟离子去除产生较强抑制作用,低浓度的氯离子可促进氟离子的电促吸附。扫描电镜(SEM)-电子能谱(EDX)的表征结果显示三维颗粒电极的表面及孔隙内部均可吸附氟离子,且电吸附后并未出现电极腐蚀现象。     

Investigation into the content and formation of trihalomethanes and molecular change of dissolved organic matter from a typical water plant in south China

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a class of disinfection by-products that were proved to have adverse effects to human health. Investigation into its content change and molecular composition variation of its main precursor, which is believed to be dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water purification process, can help understand the formation mechanism of THMs and optimize the processes in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). This is of great significance to ensure the safety of urban water supply. In this study, detailed changes of THMs’ content and formation potential were determined during the water purification process in summer and winter at a typical DWTP in south China. Specific molecular composition changes of DOM were also characterized by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, to comprehensively study its correlation with the formation of THMs in different water processing units and seasons. The result showed that chlorination will cause drastic changes of water quality and a sharp increase in the concentration of THMs (18.7 times in summer and 13.9 times in winter). Molecular-level characterization of DOM indicates that a range of lignin-like substance with lower O/C (<?0.5) and H/C (<?1.25) vanished and considerable amount of protein-like and tannins-like substance with higher H/C (>?1.25) and O/C (>?0.5) was formed after chlorination. Analysis of Cl-containing products demonstrated that a bulk of CHOCl₁ and CHOCl₂ compounds with moderate molecular weights were formed in both winter and summer. However, the newly formed CHOCl₁ molecules showed a relatively higher mass weight in summer (>?500 Da) compared to winter (300–500 Da). Seasonal differences also emerged in the result of correlation between the trihalomethanes formation potential and total organic carbon. The correlation coefficient in summer (0.500) was lower than that in winter (0.843). The results suggested that the exhaustive reaction and contribution of DOM to THMs may vary in different seasons.

     

腐蚀管道评价标准ASME B31G-2009和SY/T6151-2009对比

腐蚀是油气管道最常见的失效形式之一,对腐蚀管道进行剩余强度评价是保障管道安全可靠运行的基础工作。ASME B31G-2009和SY/T6151-2009是国内外的两种主流评价标准的最新版本,为了在选取适当的评价标准时有判断依据,比较分析了新版标准评价结果的保守程度,研究了评价流程、计算模型和计算参数取值等方面,并结合爆破试验数据和有限元仿真结果进行了验证。结果表明,两种标准仍具有一定的保守性,且当管道强度等级、腐蚀情况及数据资料完整度等不同时,两种标准有各自的适用范围和优缺点。     

Anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria: ecological distribution,metabolism, and microbial interactions

The unique characteristics of anammox bacteria were reviewed. Ecological distribution and nitrogen loss contributions were well documented. Ecological interactions between anammox bacteria and other organisms were discussed. Anammox (ANaerobic AMMonia OXidation) is a newly discovered pathway in the nitrogen cycle. This discovery has increased our knowledge of the global nitrogen cycle and triggered intense interest for anammox-based applications. Anammox bacteria are almost ubiquitous in the suboxic zones of almost all types of natural ecosystems and contribute significant to the global total nitrogen loss. In this paper, their ecological distributions and contributions to the nitrogen loss in marine, wetland, terrestrial ecosystems, and even extreme environments were reviewed. The unique metabolic mechanism of anammox bacteria was well described, including the particular cellular structures and genome compositions, which indicate the special evolutionary status of anammox bacteria. Finally, the ecological interactions among anammox bacteria and other organisms were discussed based on substrate availability and spatial organizations. This review attempts to summarize the fundamental understanding of anammox, provide an up-to-date summary of the knowledge of the overall anammox status, and propose future prospects for anammox. Based on novel findings, the metagenome has become a powerful tool for the genomic analysis of communities containing anammox bacteria; the metabolic diversity and biogeochemistry in the global nitrogen budget require more comprehensive studies.     

Efficacy of alum and coal combustion by-products in stabilizing manure phosphorus

Animal manures contain large amounts of soluble phosphorus (P), which is prone to runoff losses when manure is surface-applied. Here we report the efficacy of alum and three coal combustion by-products in reducing P solubility when added to dairy, swine, or broiler litter manures in a laboratory incubation study. Compared with unamended controls, alum effectively reduced readily soluble P, determined in water extracts of moist manure samples with 1 h of shaking, for all three manures. The reduction ranged from 80 to 99% at treatment rates of 100 to 250 g alum kg(-1) manure dry matter. The fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBC) reduced readily soluble P by 50 to 60% at a rate of 400 g kg(-1) for all three manures. Flue gas desulfurization by-product (FGD) reduced readily soluble P by nearly 80% when added to swine manure and broiler litter at 150 and 250 g kg(-1). Another by-product, anthracite refuse fly ash (ANT), was ineffective for all three manures. In all cases, reduction in readily soluble P is primarily associated with inorganic phosphorus (P(i)) with little change in organic phosphorus (P(o)). Sequential extraction results indicate that the by-product treatments shifted manure P from H2O-P into a less vulnerable fraction, NaHCO3 - P, while the alum treatment shifted the P into even more stable forms, mostly NaOH-P. Such shifts in P fractions would have little influence on P availability for crops over the long-term but would retard and reduce potential losses of P following manure applications.     

Phosphorus characteristics of dairy feces affected by diets

Phosphorus (P) surplus on dairy farms, especially confined operations, contributes to P buildup in soils with increased potential for P loss to waters. One approach to reduce P surplus and improve water quality is to optimize P feeding and improve P balance on farms. Here we report how varying P concentrations in lactating cow diets affects the amount as well as the chemical forms and fraction distribution of P in fecal excretion, and the environmental implications of this effect. Analysis of fecal samples collected from three independent feeding trials indicates that increasing dietary P levels through the use of P minerals not only led to a higher concentration of acid digest total phosphorus (TP) in feces, but more importantly increased the amount and proportion of P that is water soluble and thus most susceptible to loss in the environment. For instance, with diets containing 3.4, 5.1, or 6.7 g P kg(-1) feed dry matter (DM), the water-soluble fraction of fecal P was 2.91, 7.13, and 10.46 g kg(-1) fecal DM, respectively, accounting for 56, 77, and 83% of acid digest TP. The other fecal P fractions (those soluble in dilute alkaline and acid extractants) remained small and were unaffected by dietary P concentration. Excess P in the P supplemented diets was excreted in feces as water-soluble forms. A simple measure of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) in a single water extract is highly responsive to changes in diet P concentrations and hence can be indicative of dietary P status. A fecal P indicator concept is proposed and discussed.     

峨眉山风景区酸性降水的研讨

本文对峨眉山——乐山大佛风景名胜区多年来降水酸度、酸雨频率与酸性降水的地域分布以及垂直变化特征进行了研讨,并对该区酸雨与四川省酸性降水特征进行了对比。